One of the most important factors affecting social development is the social integration of societies. Sociologists have identified several factors as contributing factors. One of the most important of these is the cultural characteristics of societies, the status of normative plurality or normative conflict and how they are dealt with in societies. Theoretical literature proposes various models of its effect on social integration. This paper argues that societies with greater levels of plurality or normative conflict appear to have lower levels of integration. In order to test this claim, a comparative study was conducted using secondary data. For this purpose, data from WVS, (2015, 1995) World Values Survey, Minorities at Risk, International Religious Freedom, Data World Bank and International Institute of Social Studies (ISS) are used. The data period of this study is from 1995 to 2015 covering 109 countries. The results showed that: societies with a high degree of normative plurality or conflict have a low degree of social integration. The form of the relationship between these two variables for both total plurality and Components for its constituents has been almost linear. North American countries had the highest integration and the lowest normative plurality and conflict. And African countries, on the contrary, have a higher degree of normative plurality and conflict and a lower degree of integration. Iran is ranked 87th out of 109 countries in terms of social integration and 31st out of 61 countries in terms of plurality and normative conflict.

In view of the fact that the methodology of economics is a seminal and significant field and professor Machlup is a prominent economist and a well known theoritician of methodology a brief elucidation may be worth while.Frits Machlup (1902-1983) wrote his doctoral dissertation under Von Mises (a pioneer of Austrian School). He lectured at the University of Vienna before going to America whereupon he taught at Johns Hopkins and Princeton universities. In 1971 he moved to NewYork university and remained there for the rest of his life.He was elected president of "American Economic Association in 1967". Among his many contubutions to economics is his extensive research in the theory of firm and international economics (publishing 100 articles and 17 books on the subject).To teach economics to students more precisely, he addressed the issue of methodology of economics. The present paper is a Persian translation of one of 26 articles from his book "Methology of Economics and Other Social Sciences".

Cultural norms state human-nature interaction by affecting individual and group values system. Ethical norms are the most important ones in which nature and its components become evaluated based on ethical views. There are different ethical normative views toward human-nature interaction. They have been currently categorized into three types of anthropocentric, bio centric and eco centric. Nevertheless, it seems as if these limited supposed categories need to be extended, because there are some other worldviews with regard to human-nature interaction. For example, we can refer to religious worldviews based on the traditions of religions with different evaluated views. Furthermore, there is a need to explore such normative views with respect to community culture and beliefs. Based on descriptive methodology and survey research, present research aimed to explore and indicate ethical normative of human-nature interaction. The research was done in three phases. The first and second were carried out at Shiraz University and the third was done at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Research population included B.A. university students. Multidimensional Scaling and Facet Theory were also used in exploratory and confirmatory stages respectively. Findings indicate that there are three normative views including anthropocentric, eco centric and theocentric toward human-nature ethical interaction. Furthermore, with confirming the proposed theory, a model or a scale obtained that can be used.

Hypocrisy as a interpersonal and social phenomenon and it's continuity in socialization experiences draw our attention to a serious social Problem. The feature of disparity or conflict is the essential core of the concept of hypocrisy. Disparity Pairs such as words versus deeds, pretended belifes versus genuine beliefs or beliefs versus desires are resources for generatiny hypocrisy. Hypocrisy is a interpersonal Phenomenon, but it is extended to social groups, institutions and social organzations. Hypocritical behaviours are two models; self-conscious hypocrisy and self-deception hypocrisy. Since, the cinema is both a social and an aesthetic occasion, Films can reflect the societies which they spring from. In fact, films reflect collective psychological tendencies and moralities of a society. The research's framework on which this research is based, was conducted by using semiotic approach and also Goffman theatrical performance view a conceptual model of hypocrisy. This research indicates that normative conflicts exist and that it can lead people to act hypocritical behaviours. Also socialization experiences stimulate hypocrisy. Although, moral integrity is Preached but hypocrisy is thought in society and family. It can considered two main motives: one is self-interest and second is situational pressure together with psychological factors, personality characteristics and habits. Situational pressure is sociological factor and self-interest is psycho-social factor. People definition self-interest based on other people, Groups, situational pressure and society.